Mesopotamian Reed Boats The Earliest Boat Builders

Mesopotamian reed boats constitute the earliest known evidence for deliberately constructed sailing ships, dated to the early Neolithic Ubaid culture of Mesopotamia, about 5500 B.C.E. The small, masted Mesopotamian boats are believed to have facilitated minor but significant long-distance trade between the emerging villages of the Fertile Crescent and the Arabian Neolithic communities of the Persian Gulf. Boatmen followed the Tigris and Euphrates rivers down into the Persian Gulf and along the coasts of Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, and Qatar. The first evidence of Ubaidian boat traffic into the Persian Gulf was recognized in the mid-20th century when examples of Ubaidian pottery were found in scores of coastal Persian gulf sites. However, it is best to keep in mind that the history of sea-faring is quite ancient. Archaeologists are convinced that both the human settlement of Australia (about 50,000 years ago) and the Americas (about 20,000 years ago) must have been assisted by some sort of watercraft to assist moving people along the coastlines and across large bodies of water. It is quite likely that we will find older ships than those of Mesopotamia. Scholars are not even necessarily certain that Ubaid boat-making originated there. But at present, the Mesopotamian boats are the oldest known. Ubaid Boats, the Mesopotamian Ships Archaeologists have assembled quite a bit of evidence about the ships themselves. Ceramic boat models have been found at numerous Ubaid sites, including Ubaid, Eridu, Oueili, Uruk, Uqair, and Mashnaqa, as well as at the Arabian Neolithic sites of H3 located on the northern coast of Kuwait and Dalma in Abu Dhabi. Based on the boat models, the boats were similar in form to bellums (spelled bellams in some texts) used today on the Persian Gulf: small, canoe-shaped boats with upturned and sometimes elaborately decorated bow tips. Unlike wooden planked bellams, Ubaid ships were made from bundles of reeds roped together and covered with a thick layer of bituminous material for water-proofing. An impression of string on one of several bitumen slabs found at H3 suggests that the boats may have had a lattice of ropes stretched across the hull, similar to that used in later Bronze Age ships from the region. In addition, bellams are usually pushed along by poles, and at least some of the Ubaid boats were apparently had masts to enable them to hoist sails to catch the wind. An image of a boat on a reworked Ubaid 3 sherd (a ceramic fragment) at the H3 site in coastal Kuwait had two masts. Trade Items Very few explicitly Ubaidian artifacts have been found in the Arabian Neolithic sites apart from bitumen chunks, black-on-buff pottery, and boat effigies, and those are fairly rare. Trade items might have been perishables, perhaps textiles or grain, but the trade efforts were likely minimal, consisting of small boats dropping in at Arabian coastal towns. It was a fairly long distance between the Ubaid communities and the Arabian coastline, approximately 450 kilometers (280 miles) between Ur and Kuwait. Trade does not seem to have played a significant role in either culture. It is possible that the trade included bitumen, a type of asphalt. Bitumen tested from Early Ubaid Chogha Mish, Tell elOueili, and Tell Sabi Abyad all come from a wide variety of different sources. Some come from northwestern Iran, northern Iraq, and southern Turkey. Bitumen from H3 was identified as having an origin at Burgan Hill in Kuwait. Some of the other Arabian Neolithic sites in the Persian Gulf imported their bitumen from the Mosul area of Iraq, and it is possible that boats were involved in that. Lapis lazuli, turquoise, and copper were exotics in the Mesopotamian Ubaid sites that potentially could have been imported, in small amounts, using boat traffic. Boat Repair and Gilgamesh Bitumen caulking of the reed boats was made by applying a heated mixture of bitumen, vegetal matter, and mineral additives and allowing it to dry and cool to a tough, elastic covering. Unfortunately, that had to be replaced frequently. Hundreds of slabs of reed-impressed bitumen have been recovered from several sites in the Persian Gulf. It may be that the H3 site in Kuwait represents a place where boats were repaired, although no additional evidence (such as woodworking tools) was recovered to support that. Interestingly, reed boats are an important part of Near Eastern mythologies. In the Mesopotamian Gilgamesh myth,  Sargon the Great of Akkad is described as having floated as an infant in a bitumen-coated reed basket down the Euphrates River. This must be the original form of the legend found in the Old Testament book of Exodus where the infant Moses floated down the Nile in a reed basket daubed with bitumen and pitch. Sources Carter, Robert A. (Editor). Beyond the Ubaid: Transformation and Integration in the Late Prehistoric Societies of the Middle East. Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilizations, Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, September 15, 2010. Connan, Jacques. An overview of bitumen trade in the Near East from the Neolithic (c.8000 BC) to the early Islamic period. Thomas Van de Velde, Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy, Wiley Online Library, April 7, 2010. Oron, Asaf. Early Maritime Activity on the Dead Sea: Bitumen Harvesting and the Possible Use of Reed Watercraft. Ehud Galili, Gideon Hadas, et al., Journal of Maritime Archaeology, Volume 10, Issue 1, The SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System, April 2015. Stein, Gil J. Oriental Institute 2009-2010 Annual Report. Oriental Institute, The University of Chicago, 2009-2010, Chicago, IL. Wilkinson, T. J. (Editor). Models of Mesopotamian Landscapes: How small-scale processes contributed to the growth of early civilizations. BAR International Series, McGuire Gibson (Editor), Magnus Widell (Editor), British Archaeological Reports, October 20, 2013.

Abortion Is Not A Free Card Away From Responsibility

Ms. Moore English 10 16 November 2015 Abortion Research Paper Every year, millions of innocent babies lose their lives due to abortion. This means that because their own mother did not want them, the children have been killed without even being able to blow out their first birthday candle. Abortion is not a free card away from responsibility. It is dangerous to the Mom mentally and is the murder of a child is why it must be stopped. A majority of abortions today are not due to health risk or rape. According to Abort72.com, â€Å"3/4 say that having a baby would interfere with work, school or other responsibilities; about 3/4 say they cannot afford a child; and 1/2 say they do not want to be a single parent† (U.S.†). Getting pregnant is most definitely the mother and father’s fault. They knew what could possibly happen if they engaged in sexual intercourse, but they irresponsibly chose to do it anyway. Getting an abortion is just an excuse for laziness in â€Å"87%† of the cases (â€Å"U.S.†). There is no excus e to murder the child because they did not just suddenly appear in the Mom’s womb. Abortion is growing more and more common because our country is getting lazier and more irresponsible. If the parents cannot possibly take care of the baby, there are other ways to go about it besides killing the unborn child. For example, they can take it to an orphanage or ask their parents to help out. However, it is understood that taking away abortions will make orphanages even moreShow MoreRelatedPropaganda Is A Form Of Communication1345 Words   |  6 Pagesthe producers decided to focus on abortion politics. The entire episode was basically a free publicity for Planned Parenthood (PP), which at the time was fighting with Congress over funding. The audience witnessed the former First Lady and current Senator of Virginia, Mellie Grant, perform a filibuster. 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Another 15% were sold by family friends or other relatives (Lim 1998, page 180). Many of these children are from the poor regions of Cambodia and some are smuggled into the country from neighboring Vietnam which is equally poor. Most are sold, others believe that they are being engaged for employment in legitimate work like waitressing; still other young girls are kidnapped off of the streets. Read More Decreasing Violence in America Essay6606 Words   |  27 PagesThe suspect is in custody and the case is under investigation,† a reporter in the ten o’clock news reports. â€Å"Spouse and child abuse are on the rise. This year alone over ‘6 million men, women, and children were victims of severe physical attacks from their spouses or parents’(article 16)*,† another reporter reports. Is it just me or does this seem like something that is all too often heard on the news? The violent acts in the United States are out of control. But what can be done about it, and

Disadvantages of Credit Cards Free Essays

Disadvantages of Credit Cards Mehmetcan Sevim 070090077 Faculty of Management Faruk Cetiner 070090005 Faculty of Management Ceylin Ulusel 020090306 Faculty of Architecture English 201 Esra Sancak December 28, 2011 Disadvantages of Credit Cards Thesis: It is argued that credit cards are beneficial for individuals however they bring many financial problems, trigger consuming and cause psychological conflicts in long-term period. I. Financial A. We will write a custom essay sample on Disadvantages of Credit Cards or any similar topic only for you Order Now Penalty rate 1. Late payments 2. Exceeding credit limit B. Transaction fee 1. Interchange fee 2. Foreign transaction fee I. Consumption A. Trigger effects 1. Consumer culture 2. Compulsive buying B. Spending addiction 1. Overspending 2. Indebtedness III. Psychological A. Behavior 1. Compulsive buying behavior 2. Money attitudes B. Mental 1. Depression 2. Self Esteem Finance can be defined as an art which leads to maximize return against risk. Dramatically increase at industrialization required more specific management and revealed many departments of companies such as marketing, sales, human resources. Finance provides pecuniary resources to these departments and also are used for cash flow management. When finance became more important in business life, finance industry emerged. Finance industry provides services related with the management of money. Banking service is the most ongoingness sector in the finance industry. It provides personal, commercial and mortgage loans which is related with credit system. Credit card which works to loan money monthly to consumers, is the most important component of credit system. People can buy goods, services without cash thanks to credit cards. It can be seen that credit card usage is so popular in banking system and most of the credit card holders have more than one credit card. It is argued that credit cards are beneficial for individuals however they bring many financial problems, trigger consuming and cause psychological conflicts in long-term period. First of all, credit cards bring difficulties for consumers related with financial problems. Credit cards can be so dangerous financial tool when it is used by unconscious costumers. Financial difficulties related with credit cards are also derived from lack of knowledge about credit card usage. The first significant financial problem for credit card users is penalty rate. Late payment is one of the reasons which gives rise to penalty rate. As Buttel explains, there is no difference between time periods when people paid their credit card payments late. Grace period changes between 20 and 31 days and even if card holders make their payments one day late, they are exposed penalty rates. Moreover, although payment is made before the new grace period, credit card holders could be charged penalty rates if they don’t pay their current bill(2003,para. 8-11). This is why it is important that credit card holders should be careful about making their card payments on time. Furthermore, exceeding credit limit is another reason of penalty rate. Buttel states, according to the Consumer Action, credit card holders are exposed to pay high payments and over limit fees with be dragging customer limit down under the current balance by some credit card issuers (2003, para. 14). Clearly, some credit card issuers fox about credit card limits. Apart from penalty rate, credit cards also result transaction fee. To begin with, credit card holders suffer from interchange fee. When customers choose to pay with credit card instead of cash, they usually exposed to pay higher prices related with interchange fee. Mitchell states, â€Å"Interchange fees not only enhance the profits of large banks at the expense of retailers, but ultimately these fees are paid by consumers in the form of higher prices† (2009, para. 11). Obviously, credit card usage makes retailers raise their prices. In addition, foreign transaction fee is a variable charge that card holders usually can not chase. In foreign countries, it is possible that credit card holders have to make more payments. As Gerson explains, foreign transaction fees are hided by some issuers and they are so hard to be followed even if the card holders ask them from the customer service or the corporate office. Also, if cardholders use a card like Bank of America-issued Visa abroad, they have to pay Visa fee in addition to Bank of America’s own fee. This clearly shows the risk of using credit cards in foreign countries (2008, para. 3-5). Consequently, credit card usage brings along many problems related to transaction fee. Second of all, credit cards also have many trigger effects on consumption. The first major problem is the impacts of changing consumer culture and how it reforms the psychology of the credit card users. As Sheth indicates that triggers of consumption attitudes are mostly provided by the independence that is connected to process of production and the increasing force of authorization, which are also parts of the consumer culture (2003,para. 3). This is a fundamental and a detailed explanation of the connection between trigger effects of consumption and cultural consequences. Furthermore, compulsive buying is another triggering impact of credit cards. According to Roberts, Jones, in the realm of consumer behavior, credit cards can certainly be construed as promoting spending by making the transaction simpler or by removing the immediate need for money (2001, p. 220). It is obvious that credit cards stimulates spending in consumer behavior by many ways. In this case, these two facts are truly supporting the idea that credit cards are triggering consumption attitudes. Spending addiction is another outcome of credit card based consumption. One of the results of this addiction comes to the scene as the overspending attitude. According to Roberts, Jones, increasing number of indebted people creates a psychology that consents overspending and excessive shopping as a normal behavior which is expected to be changed in time (2001, p. 214). This fact explains the general judgement of overspending behavior among indebted customers. Moreover, indebtedness is another significant impact of spending addiction. Griffin states that, instead of accepting indebtedness as a moral failure, mischance is a commonly approved excuse that obstructs making other approaches about the situation (2003, p. 4). This fact clarifies that misconceptions about indebtedness in consumer psychology can orient credit card users negatively and can give rise to unconscious consumption. Eventually, overspending and indebtedness can be counted as the major consequences of spending addiction which –as it explained before- is triggered by many factors. The last and most dangerous effects of credit card usage are considered as psychological effects. First of all, credit cards cause some differences on consumer’s behavior. Credit cards provide a financial confidence even if the user’s financial situation is not reliable. Consumers buy goods and services by money which they had not earn, that situation causes uncontrolled consuming desire. As Parecki states, ‘’Many researchers define compulsive buying behavior as a form of chronic addiction –that is an ‘endless cycle of trying to satisfy that which cannot be satisfied’. Instead of creating healthy interpersonal relationships with other people, compulsive buyers replace their love and trust in the acquisition of objects’’ (1999, p. 4). This definition clearly leads us to negative effects of compulsive buying behavior. In addition, credit card usage also causes price sensitivity of consumer which becomes unbalanced. As Fogel and Schneider cited in Roberts and Junes, irresponsible credit card usage is related with the money attitudes of power and prestige but not price sensitivity (2010, para. 10). Credit cards cause irresponsible behavior because of the money attitudes of power and prestige. As a result, credit card usage changes consumer habits in a negative way. The second psychological effect of credit cards is causing mental disorders. Credit card usage and card debts mostly lead to depression. Card debts getting higher and higher by default interest, and consumer becomes hopeless about clearing that debt. As Stevenson cited in Andrews and Willing explains, when the negative experiences are researched according to their effects on anxiety and depression level, the financial strain has been shown as %21 among participants (2008, p. 5). Financial issues mostly trigger depression and anxiety. Because of the default interest, situation gets worse and worse. Beyond that, card debts and uncontrolled credit card usage leads consumer to lowering self-esteem. As Parecki cited in Cole explains, compulsive buyers see themselves worthless and try to find ways to self-destruct. The consequences may include unemployment, bankruptcy, social isolation and divorce (1999,p. 9-10). Lowering self-esteem may trigger self-destruct. All of the above show us how uncontrolled credit card usage damages mental health. References Buttel, A. E. (2003, September 25). Credit card penalty rates:Mistakes that trigger default APRs, from http://www. creditcards. com/credit-card-news/credit-card-penalty-rates 1267. php Gerson, E. S. 2008, November 21). Top credit card issuers’ foreign transaction fees, from http://www. creditcards. com/credit-card-news/foreign-transaction- conversion-fees-1276. php Mitchell, S. (2009, May 5). Soaring Credit Card Transaction Fees Squeeze Independent Business, from http://www. newrules. org/retail/news/soaring-credit-card-transaction- fees-squeeze-independent-businesses Sheth, J. , Maholtra N. (2003). Global Consumer Culture. Retrieved October 18, 2011 from http://www. uwyo. edu/sustaindevsupport/docs/Global%20Consumer%20Culture. df Roberts, J. , Jones E. (Winter 2001). Money Attitudes, Credit Card Use, and Compulsive Buying among American College Students. The Journal of Consumer Affair, 35(2), 213-231. Griffin, B. (2003). Reviewed from â€Å"The Character of Credit. Personal Debt in English Culture†. Finn, M. Retrieved October 18, 2011 from https://www. history. ac. uk/reviews/review/435 Vohwinkle, J. (n. d. ). Examine the Roots of  Overspending. Retrieved October 11, 2011 from http://financialplan. about. com/od/savingmoney/qt/Overspending. htm How to cite Disadvantages of Credit Cards, Essay examples

The Impact of Transformational Leadership on Organization Growth

Questions: 1. What is the impact of transformational leadership of top leaders on organizations growth? 2. How transformational leadership can drive the growth and development for large organizations? Answers: SECTION 1: 1.1 Introduction Transformational leadership is often defined as the that particular style of leadership which encourages the leader to participate in the various operational activities of the organization, to make significant contribution to the process of defining the changes that must be incorporated within the organization, to assist the subordinates in defining the aims an objective of the change management process and to execute the said changes in a committed manner (Clarke, 2013). Researchers al-Dumur and al-Awamilah (2013) are of the opinion that the transformational leadership style is one of the most appreciated and most successful organizational leadership styles that are practiced in the real world. The primary objective of this paper is to provide insight in to a project aimed at assessing the impact of transformational leadership style on the growth of organizations. A brief description of the problem would be stated, along with the identification of the aims and objectives of the research work. The research work is being conducted to find the answers to certain queries: the said questions would also be mentioned in the paper, along with the methods chosen for conducting the research work. 1.2 Problem Statement Transformational leadership is often considered as that particular type of leadership styles that emphasizes on providing the subordinates with long term vision based motivations, thus enhancing the entire work environment (Choudhary, Akhtar Zaheer, 2013). Numerous research works have been conducted in the recent past with the aim of identifying the most appropriate and successful method of organizations and the findings of majority of such studies indicated that the utilization of transformational leadership style has been found effective in increasing the efficiency of the employees, thus enhancing the financial benefits of the organization (Roueche et al. 2012). However, very few studies have been directed towards the identification of the relationship between the said leadership style and the overall growth of the organization. The absence of scholarly works in the said domain has encouraged the researchers to make an attempt at identifying the manner in which transformational leadership styles influence the overall goal of a business organization. 1.3 Research Objectives/Questions 1.3.1. Aim of the research work The aim of the said research work is to identify the impact of transformational leadership styles on the overall growth of an organization, besides revealing the manner in which the said leadership style can be effectively used to escalate organizational development and growth. 1.3.2. Objective of the research work The objectives of this research work are: To identify and analyze the impact of transformational leadership styles on the overall growth of an organization. To reveal the manner in which the transformational leadership style can be effectively used to escalate organizational development and growth. 1.3.3 Research questions The proposed research work would be conducted so as to find the answers to the following sets of questions: How does transformational leadership practices of the higher management influence the growth of an organization? How transformational leadership can be efficiently used to drive the overall growth and organizational development for business corporations? 1.4 Justification Of The Project It has already been mentioned that in spite of the fact that transformational leadership style is unanimously considered as the most efficient manner leading the subordinates within an organizational infrastructure, the number of research conducted towards the identification of the influence of transformational leadership styles on organizational growth factors. Thus, conducting the proposed research work is justified as it would facilitate the identification of the following factors: The effect or impact of transformational leaders (or their leadership styles) on the daily operational activities of business organizations. The efficient utilization of the principle of transformational leadership in escalating the growth of business organizations. The findings of this research work would be efficiently used by organizational leaders to boost up the morale of their employees, thus enhancing their efficiency: a much used route for achieving organizational growth. The findings of this research work would also be of much help to organizations that encourage transformational leadership styles but still struggling with finding the route to organizational growth. Last but not the least, the findings of this research work can be used to conduct a comparative study between the efficiency of various leadership styles in making a business organization grow. 1.5 Expected Research Output/Outcome It is being expected that the findings of this research work would help in the development of a conceptual framework, which in turn could be utilized in understanding how transformationa leaders can influence the growth of an organization in a direct or indirect manner. Besides this, the said research work would be helpful in revealing the strategies that transformational leaders use to ensure both financial and organizational growth of business enterprises. The proposed research work is expected to find answers to all the research questions defined in the section above: the literature review, data collection and data analysis sections would in evidently help in creating a blue print for the successful and efficient utilization of the transformational leadership principles in the practice. It is expected that organizations that are striving at finding the right leadership strategy or the entrepreneurs who are considering setting up new ventures would be immensely benefitted by the findings of the research work. SECTION II: 2.1 Conceptual Framework Researchers (Lowe and Avolio, 2013) have made an attempt of identifying the most common leadership factors that are capable of influencing the growth of an organization: the factors revealed by them include the technical and industrial knowledge of the leader in concern, the manner in which he or she motivates the subordinates, the personality of the said leader and his / her motives. Authors Van Dierendonck et al. (2014) on the other had are of the opinion that the higher management of an organization can play a significant role in escalating the growth of an enterprises. Researchers Baloch, Ali and Zaman (2014) second their opinion as they are of the opinion that the higher management retains the unique capability of managing the manner in which the employees interact with each other, maintain a competitive spirit among the employees and develop a healthy work environment: needless to say that all these factors are essential for the growth of an organization. Figure 1: Conceptual Framework of organizational growth 2.2 Research Hypothesis In the light of the research objectives and research questions stated in section 1, the following research hypothesis are being stated so as to be tested during the research work: H (1): Null Hypothesis: Transformational leadership has no impact on the growth and development of an organization. H (2): Alternate Hypothesis: Transformational leadership has significant impact on the growth and development of an organization. 2.3 Research Methodology The following research methodologies would be utilized for conducting the research work: Literature review: Researchers Takhar-Lail and Ghorbani (2015) are of the opinion that conducting a review of the existing literary articles provides an insight in to the domain being studied upon. A detailed literature survey would thus be conducted so as to collect secondary information on the research topic. Data collection: It has already been mentioned that the primary objective of conducting the research work would be to collect information from secondary sources. On the other hand, primary data to be utilized in the research work would be collected using the following techniques: Group interviews: Veteran organizational leaders would be interviewed so as to collect information regarding their leadership styles and the efforts they made towards the growth of the organizations they have been associated with (Coleman Ringrose (2013). Online questionnaires would be utilized to collect information from individuals willing to participate in the survey (Wahyuni, 2012). The questioner would be set up keeping the objective of the research work in mind and is expected to reveal information useful for the study. Data analysis: The collected using the above mentioned techniques would be interpreted using both qualitative and quantitative methods of data analysis. Quantitative data analysis: The two techniques to be utilized by quantitative data analysis include descriptive statistics and hypothesis testing . The term descriptive statistics can be utilized to define the process of collecting statistical data from secondary resources ( including the standard deviation, mean, mode and median of the key variables of the research work), so as to compare the position of each of the values with that of the mean (Amelina, 2012). On the other hand, hypothesis testing would be utilized so as to understand whether the data collected during the research study supports the research hypothesis or not (Petty, Thomson and Stew, 2012). Besides this, the technique of regression analysis would also be utilized for interpreting the information shared by the individuals who participated in the survey (Feinsinger, 2013). Qualitative data analysis: The information collected from the secondary sources of data (including existing literary articles, scholarly papers, etc) interpreted so as to develop the relationship between the various information available from the interviews and the online surveys (Finley, 2014). It is expected that the utilization of the above mentioned methods would facilitate the process of meeting the objectives of the research work SECTION III: The following section of the report presents a detailed description of the manner in which the findings of the proposed research work would be published, along with the estimated time and budget required for conducting the project in a successful manner. 3.1 Organization of the Study The findings of the proposed research work would be presented in form of a report: the contents of the report being segregated in to the following sections: Chapter 1: Introduction The very first chapter of the report would be utilized to introduce the research topic to the audience: a brief description of the research domain, along with the formal definition of transformational leadership would be presented in this section. Besides this, the aim and objective of the research work, along with the justification behind the selection of the research topic would be presented in this chapter. Chapter 2: Literature Review The conduction of a background literature is considered to be an essential element of any research work: the second chapter of the report would be utilized to discuss the information available from the existing literary works. Chapter 3: Research Methodology It is a well known fact that the identification of appropriate research techniques facilitates the conduction of successful research works. Thus, the third chapter of the report would be utilized to identify the techniques that have been utilized in conducting the research work: justification for the selection of the said techniques would also be mentioned in this chapter. Along with the above mentioned factors, discussions would also be made on the interview questions and the online questionnaire that have been utilized for collecting information from the primary data sources. Chapter 4: Data Analysis The data collected from the primary and secondary sources of data would be analyzed using various analytical techniques: the results of this analysis would be described in chapter 4 of the report. Chapter 5: Conclusions and Recommendations This would be the last and concluding chapter of the report: the findings of the research work would be presented in a comprehended manner, besides pinpointing the direction in which further research works can be conducted. Attempts would also be made toward assessing the success of the research work with respect to its aim and objectives. 3.2 Project Schedule The project has been scheduled in the following manner: Table 1: Estimated time schedule Outline Number Task Name Duration Start Finish 0 Research work 87 days? Fri 7/1/16 Mon 10/31/16 1 Start date 0 days Fri 7/1/16 Fri 7/1/16 2 Topic Selection 22 days? Fri 7/1/16 Mon 8/1/16 2.1 Considering a wide range of topics to conduct research on 10 days Fri 7/1/16 Thu 7/14/16 2.2 conducting primary background research on the selected topics 5 days Fri 7/15/16 Thu 7/21/16 2.3 Finalizing the domain of research 5 days Fri 7/22/16 Thu 7/28/16 2.4 Research topic finalized 1 day? Fri 7/29/16 Fri 7/29/16 2.5 finalizing the research topic 2 days Fri 7/29/16 Mon 8/1/16 2.6 research topic finalized 0 days Mon 8/1/16 Mon 8/1/16 3 Creating the layout of the research work 10 days Tue 8/2/16 Mon 8/15/16 3.1 Forming the research plan 5 days Tue 8/2/16 Mon 8/8/16 3.2 Selecting the research techniques to be used 5 days Tue 8/9/16 Mon 8/15/16 4 Data collection 25 days? Tue 8/16/16 Mon 9/19/16 4.1 collecting data from secondary sources 7 days Tue 8/16/16 Wed 8/24/16 4.1.1 literature review 7 days Tue 8/16/16 Wed 8/24/16 4.2 collecting data from primary sources 18 days? Thu 8/25/16 Mon 9/19/16 4.2.1 Conducting group interviews 4 days? Thu 8/25/16 Tue 8/30/16 4.2.1.1 Group interview 1 1 day? Thu 8/25/16 Thu 8/25/16 4.2.1.2 Group interview 2 1 day? Fri 8/26/16 Fri 8/26/16 4.2.1.3 Group interview 3 1 day? Mon 8/29/16 Mon 8/29/16 4.2.1.4 Group interview 4 1 day? Tue 8/30/16 Tue 8/30/16 4.2.2 Online survey 18 days Thu 8/25/16 Mon 9/19/16 4.2.2.1 creating the questionnaire 3 days Thu 8/25/16 Mon 8/29/16 4.2.2.2 conducting the survey 15 days Tue 8/30/16 Mon 9/19/16 4.3 data collection completed 0 days Mon 9/19/16 Mon 9/19/16 5 Analysis and Interpretation of the information collected 10 days Tue 9/20/16 Mon 10/3/16 5.1 qualitative analysis 10 days Tue 9/20/16 Mon 10/3/16 5.2 quantitative analysis 10 days Tue 9/20/16 Mon 10/3/16 5.3 data analysis completed 0 days Mon 10/3/16 Mon 10/3/16 6 Arriving at the conclusions 3 days Tue 10/4/16 Thu 10/6/16 7 Creating a rough draft to present the findings of the research work 7 days Fri 10/7/16 Mon 10/17/16 8 Publishing the results of the research work 10 days Tue 10/18/16 Mon 10/31/16 9 End date 0 days Mon 10/31/16 Mon 10/31/16 Figure 2: Gantt char of the project 3.3 Project Budget and Budget Justification The estimated budget of the project is being provided in the following table: Table 2: Estimated budgetary requirements Outline Number Task Name Duration Start Finish Predecessors Resource Names Cost 0 Research work 87 days? Fri 7/1/16 Mon 10/31/16 $4,000.00 1 Start date 0 days Fri 7/1/16 Fri 7/1/16 $0.00 2 Topic Selection 22 days? Fri 7/1/16 Mon 8/1/16 $0.00 2.1 Considering a wide range of topics to conduct research on 10 days Fri 7/1/16 Thu 7/14/16 1 $0.00 2.2 conducting primary background research on the selected topics 5 days Fri 7/15/16 Thu 7/21/16 3 $0.00 2.3 Finalizing the domain of research 5 days Fri 7/22/16 Thu 7/28/16 4 $0.00 2.4 Research topic finalized 1 day? Fri 7/29/16 Fri 7/29/16 5 $0.00 2.5 finalizing the research topic 2 days Fri 7/29/16 Mon 8/1/16 5 $0.00 2.6 research topic finalized 0 days Mon 8/1/16 Mon 8/1/16 7 $0.00 3 Creating the layout of the research work 10 days Tue 8/2/16 Mon 8/15/16 $0.00 3.1 Forming the research plan 5 days Tue 8/2/16 Mon 8/8/16 7 $0.00 3.2 Selecting the research techniques to be used 5 days Tue 8/9/16 Mon 8/15/16 10 $0.00 4 Data collection 25 days? Tue 8/16/16 Mon 9/19/16 $3,000.00 4.1 collecting data from secondary sources 7 days Tue 8/16/16 Wed 8/24/16 $1,000.00 4.1.1 literature review 7 days Tue 8/16/16 Wed 8/24/16 11 Literature Review[1] $1,000.00 4.2 collecting data from primary sources 18 days? Thu 8/25/16 Mon 9/19/16 data collection[1] $2,000.00 4.2.1 Conducting group interviews 4 days? Thu 8/25/16 Tue 8/30/16 $0.00 4.2.1.1 Group interview 1 1 day? Thu 8/25/16 Thu 8/25/16 14 $0.00 4.2.1.2 Group interview 2 1 day? Fri 8/26/16 Fri 8/26/16 17 $0.00 4.2.1.3 Group interview 3 1 day? Mon 8/29/16 Mon 8/29/16 18 $0.00 4.2.1.4 Group interview 4 1 day? Tue 8/30/16 Tue 8/30/16 19 $0.00 4.2.2 Online survey 18 days Thu 8/25/16 Mon 9/19/16 $0.00 4.2.2.1 creating the questionnaire 3 days Thu 8/25/16 Mon 8/29/16 14 $0.00 4.2.2.2 conducting the survey 15 days Tue 8/30/16 Mon 9/19/16 22 $0.00 4.3 data collection completed 0 days Mon 9/19/16 Mon 9/19/16 23 $0.00 5 Analysis and Interpretation of the information collected 10 days Tue 9/20/16 Mon 10/3/16 data analysis[1] $1,000.00 5.1 qualitative analysis 10 days Tue 9/20/16 Mon 10/3/16 23,20 $0.00 5.2 quantitative analysis 10 days Tue 9/20/16 Mon 10/3/16 23,20 $0.00 5.3 data analysis completed 0 days Mon 10/3/16 Mon 10/3/16 27 $0.00 6 Arriving at the conclusions 3 days Tue 10/4/16 Thu 10/6/16 26,27 $0.00 7 Creating a rough draft to present the findings of the research work 7 days Fri 10/7/16 Mon 10/17/16 29 $0.00 8 Publishing the results of the research work 10 days Tue 10/18/16 Mon 10/31/16 30 $0.00 9 End date 0 days Mon 10/31/16 Mon 10/31/16 31 $0.00 As depicted in the table, it has been assumed that cost associated with conducting the literature review would be $ 1000 approximately: it includes the cost associated with gaining access to the recently published literary articles (most article repositories encourage subscriptions to be made for full access of the literary works), besides other miscellaneous costs. The cost associated with the data collection process has been estimated to be approximately $ 2000: this includes the costs associated with conducting the group interviews (the cost of hardware and software tools for recording information, providing travelling expenses to the participants, etc), the cost associated with the development of the questionnaire and conducting the online survey. On the other hand, the analysis and the interpretation of the information collected from the primary sources would require the utilization of specialized software tools: the licensing of these tools along with the maintenance of the computer devices to be utilized for this purpose would definitely incur an expenditure of around $ 1000. Thus, the estimated cost of conducting the research work is $ 4,000 approximately. Bibliography al-Dumur, H., al-Awamilah, R. (2013). 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